NIOS Class 12th History Notes in English Medium

NIOS Class 12th History Notes in English Medium

Q1- What about the characteristics of Fahian and Haineshang?

Ans- The name of Fahian and Haineshang can be taken in Chinese passengers. Both were Buddhists and came to study Buddhist pilgrimages and Buddhism in this country.



Q2- Describe the main features of the Aryans civilization? 
Ans- It is believed that the Aryans originally lived in grasslands spread from South Russia to Central Asia. From here a group of Aryans entered India and they are known as Indo-Aryan or Aryans. 

Q3- What are the main features of Ashoka's Dhamma policy? 
Ans- Ashok's Dhamma policy shows that the main features of Dhamma are as follows- 
(1) Karuna Daya Dan - Dakshina Truth Purity and good behavior. 
(2) Further he told the people that the control over the violence requested control of anger and control of jealousy water.
(3) He said in his records that they respect their parents, relatives, Brahmins and beggars. 

Q4. What is the main education of Jain and Buddhism? 
Ans- The main teachings of Jain and Buddhism are the following: 
(1) Truth can be recognized in every way. 
(2) To adhere to harsh atonement and violence religion. 
(3) Like other religions, Jainism did not go on for more days and he was battered in two parts in Digambar and Svetambar Jain. 

Q5. Who was Megasthenes? 
Ans- Ambassadors from Greece, Rome and China have been coming from time to time in India, like being an ambassador, as a traveler, they left their mark for what they saw in the study of any religion. 

Q6. Who lived in the upper plains of Ganga river in the North Vedic period? 
Ans- Aryan people 

Q7. What area was the supply of iron ore and wood to Magadha? 
Ans- Chota Nagpur

Q8. What were the two main occupations of humans in the ancient Stone Age? 
Ans- hunting. 

Q9. Painting or paintings on rocks were different for different periods of art? 
Ans- Stone Age 

Q10. What do you think by the word 'Vedas'? 
Ans- Pure Knowledge 

Q11. Who was called an agricultural god? 
Ans- Indra Devata. 

Q12. What do you think by the word 'Gotha'? 
Ans- The offspring of the same ancestor. 

Q13. Tell the tools used during the entire Stone Age? 
Ans- The main tools in the earlier Stone Age era were hand-ax, gundasa and cutting tools.

Q14. Write about the geographical location of people of the early Vedic period? 
Ans- Ancient Aryans lived in the area known as 'Sapta-Sindhu', which means - Area with seven rivers. This area is spread mainly in the region from the north-western region of South Asia to the Yamuna river. Seven rivers include: Sindhu, Vastasta (Jhelum), Asikini (Chenab), Parushnani (Ravi), Vipasha (Vyas), Shutradri (Sutlej) and Saraswati. 

Q15. Who laid the foundations of livelihood? 
Ans- livelihood creed laid down by Mullal Ghosal 

Q16. What are two branches of Jain religion? 
Ans- Jainism has two branches and Shwetambar. 

Q17. What was the name of the capital of Magadha? 
Ans- Rajgir 

Q18. Who was the last Maurya ruler? 
Ans- bigger was there.

Q19. After the death of Ashoka, which two rulers ruled two parts? 
Ans- After the death of Ashoka, Dashratha and the rulers ruled. 

Q20. Describe the collapse of Maurya in detail? 
Ans- Maurya had a huge army and a large government system. They ruled a very large terrain. But after the death of Ashoka, the empire soon divided into two parts, the eastern part's empire was under control in the hands of King Dasharath and the western part was present. 
Some historians believe that after coming into influence of Buddhism, Ashoka had become pacifier and he weakened his army. 

Q21. What were the residents of doubt? 
Ans- Central Asia 

Q22. Who was the most famous ruler of the Kushan dynasty? 
Ans- Kanishka. 

Q23. Where is the elephant Gumpha record?
Ans- Orissa. 

Q24. What do you think of Stupa? 
Ans- Stupa used to worship Buddhists, because in it the Buddha or the remains of Buddhist monks were stored. 

Q25. Comment on the style of sculpture of the Mauryakhal. 
Ans- (1) In the first century after Isha, two divisions of Hinayana and Mahayana in Buddhism have been divided. Mahayana Buddhists emphasized Buddha as worshiping God in a human form. 
(2) As a result, large number of statues of Mahatma Buddha were created in different areas. 
(3) In this period, three main styles of idolatry were developed- Mathura style, Gandhara Shaavi and Amraakti style. 
(4) During the rule of Kushan, a large number of Hindu deities and idols were created. 

Q26. Describe the key features of maritime trade in India?
Ans- Chief South Path connecting North and South India It started from Kaushambi near Allahabad and the modern Ujjain, reaching the important port of West Bank, originated from the then Ujjaini. Southpath went further up to the establishment, which was the capital of the Satavahana empire. 

Q27. Comment on the administrative system of Chola rulers.

Ans- Two types of Gram Sabhas are mentioned in the records. They were - gathering and ur The societies of tribal villages governed by Brahmins were called gatherings, while non-Brahmin dominance societies were called Urs. 

Q28. Who was Mahmood Ghazni? Why did he invade India? 

Ans- Mehmood Ghazni was a Turkish slave general.

(1) Ghazni, he attacked the ruler of Multan. 

(2) Soon Punjab too became subject to Ghazni.

Q29. What were the aims of Mohammed Goori's victory over Punjab and Sindh, make a comment? 

Ans- (1) Muhammad Ghori first turned towards Multan and freed him from his ruler. Under this campaign, he won Kutch from Bhati Rajputs. 

(2) invaded Gujarat to win.

Q30. Who was Alauddin Khilji? Tell him the reasons and rules of the rebellion? 

Ans- Alauddin Khilji, nephew of Jalaluddin and son-in-law. 

He had the help of his uncle to gain power. 

Alauddin Khilji, according to Barney, realized that there are four main reasons for these rebellions- 

(1) inadequacy of intelligence. 

(2) Common use of alcohol. 

(3) Social behavior between middle of the clans and marriage relationship among themselves. 

(4) excessive land near the porter 

To break the links of this rebellion, Alauddin made some rules which are as follows: 

(1) Those families who have got free land, they will pay taxes for their owned goods. 

(2) Sultan reorganized the intelligence system. 

(3) Use of alcohol prohibited.

(4) Without the permission of Sultan, there was a ban on the social function and marriage between the elite classes. 

Alauddin Khilji established a large permanent army.

Q31. What problems did Humayun face?

Ans- In 1530, after the death of Babar, his son succeeded Humayun. The circumstances under Humayun coffee were disappointing. The problems faced by Humayun were:

(1) The administration of the states not won was not organized.

(2) Humayun like Babur did not get so much respect and respect from the Aboriginal class of the Mughals.                                                                                                                                               (3)Chutti elitist class was not in his favor and the Indian aristocrats, who had taken Babar's services, left the Mughals with the help of Humayun to receive the throne.

(4) He also had to face the antagonism of the Afghans, mainly on Sher Shah Khan in Bihar, on the other side, the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah                                                                                     (5) According to the tradition of Taimuri, he was able to share power with his colleagues. There were two centers of the newly established Mughal empire- Delhi and Agra. Central India was in control of Humayun, then Afghanistan and Punjab were under Kamran's brother.

Q32. When did the fall of the Sultanate start?
Ans- 1338 After the death of Faizaj Shah Tughlaq, the fall began.

Q33. Who were the Akbar of Kashmir?
Ans- Jainul used to call Abidin.

Q34. The Tirupati temple was built during the rule of which king?
Ans- Krishnadevaraya

Q35- Which classes have been divided in the eighteenth century to the territorial states?
Ans- Dagavat, established by the Mughal nobles, forests, mortars, and Mughal officials.

Q36. Who was Zenul Abidin?
Ans- Jainul Abidin (1420-1470) was the greatest ruler of Kashmir. He was a very wise ruler and he called back all those Hindus, who left the state due to Sikandar Shah.

Q37. Who was the first Sultan, who tried to keep strict control for the first time on the Adjak class?
Ans- Bolban was the first sultan.

Q38. Write the names of three officials of Pargana level?
Ans- Shadhar, Faujdar, Kotwal are the officials of Paragana level.

Chapter-1
Understanding History of India
                                                       

Q1. What is the Vedic literature?

Ans- Most ancient compositions of India, which are related to religion, are called Vedic literature, such as Vedas, Puranas, Aranyakas, Sutras etc. But Veda is the largest part of Vedic literature.

Q2. What do you think of Vedas?

Ans- Vedas are the oldest treatise of ancient India, which is four in number. Rigveda Yajurveda Samved and Atharvaveda These are also called literature. It is a valuable store of knowledge. Their composition is considered to be from 1500 to 500 BC

Q3- Who has composed the economics?
Ans- The composition of economics is key. Kautilya was the Prime Minister in the court of Chandragupta Maurya. His book is an important source of information about the economy and politics.

Q4- Who is the record? How do we get help from the records?

Ans- Handwriting engraved on hard surfaces such as stone, metal, baked clay etc. is called an inscription, given special assistance in acquiring knowledge of ancient Indian history in Indian records. The dates given by these records have proved to be very helpful in linking history.

Q5- Whose name is first in writing inscriptions, and in what language is it written?

Ans- The first person to write inscriptions belongs to Emperor Ashoka. Most of Ashoka's records are in Brahmi or Kharoshthi script. James Princes first achieved success in reading Kharoshthi script. Articles of Ashoka and Gupta rulers are very important

Q6- Who are the different sources of knowing ancient Indian history?
Ans- Records - records give information about our history. By reading these records, we learn about our history.
Coin- The study of coins is called numismatics. Most of the coins were made of copper, silver, gold, lead metal. The names and dates of the kings and deities on the Sikhs are engraved.
Monuments and buildings- We find information about the history of ancient times with palaces, temples and monuments Books Books from ancient history gives us information about history.

Q7- What is the composition of economics? Ans- The composition of the Economics Council is Kaushalya's real name Vishnu Gupta. The Prime Minister of Maurya's court was the Prime Minister. His book Economics is accepted as India's first political treatise. This book considers the duties of the king, the manner of the war, the rules of diplomacy, the principles of making governance management, and other such political topics.

Q8- Indica is a composition?

Ans- Indica is the travelogue of Megasthenes, and it is different from economics. From this story, there is a complete light on the social status of India. Many scholars do not consider this story to be fortunate. The scholars say that many things have been heard by Megasthenes but except for these false things, we get very useful and real historical material from its book.